Computer World: July 2009

Sunday, July 26, 2009

Eksterne henvisninger

KalenderlysKalenderlyset er en forholdsvis ny juletradition, men den bunder i en skik, hvor man talte dagene til jul, som er meget ældre.
I starten af 1900-tallet var det almindeligt, at man i skolerne talte dagene til jul. I forskellige familier havde man hjemmegjorte kalendere, nogle med lys der blev tændt for hver dag der gik. I 1935 udkom en bog: "Smaa Fester - glade Gæster" af Lis Byrdal, der beskrev det første hjemmegjorte kalenderlys:
"En idé til børnene er at dele et lille tykt lys med 23 tynde, sorte tuschcirkler, som man kan lægge farver imellem, hvis man vil. Hver aften lige fra d. 1. december brænder man så et stykke ned - hele tiden til den næste streg. Den dag lyset brænder ud, er det jul - og træet tændes."
Den danske virksomhed Asp-Holmblad solgte de første fabriksfremstillede datolys, i Danmark i 1942 under den tyske besættelse. Til kalenderlyset hører ofte en hjemmelavet juledekoration som lysholder i ler omviklet med sølvpapir eller i oasis. Juledekorationen er pyntet med forskellige former for naturpynt. Grundbestanden er normalt gran evt. flere forskellige typer f.eks. normannsgran og nobilis, men også kristtjørn, vedbend, grankogler, tørrede planter fra haven eller fra skoven, kugler og bånd og indendørs lyskæder kan anvendes til pynt i juledekorationen.

[redigér] Kilder/Henvisninger
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historie-online.dk: Julekalendere og kalenderlys
Julestuen.dk

Kuserup

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SammenskrivningsforslagDenne artikel er foreslået skrevet ind i artiklen Kattrup Gods. (Diskutér forslaget).Hvis sammenskrivningen sker, skal skal det fremgå af beskrivelsesfeltet, at sammenskrivningen er sket (hvorfra og hvortil) eller af artiklens diskussionsside.
Kuserup er en gammel bebyggelse, landsby og et gods i Løve Herred på Nordvestsjælland, tæt ved Tissø. Omkring d. 11. november (Sankt Mortens dag) 1405 skænkede Erik Ovesen af Svinninge, på grund af pengenød, sit fædrene gods i Kuserup til Sankt Marie kloster i Sorø. Han havde først tilbudt sine slægtninge at købe det, men da ingen af dem bød ind, solgte han det til klosteret.
Gården som kaldtes Kuserupgård var på 18 ørtug skyldjord og to gårdsædegårde, og den jord og andet der hørte til disse. Det var abbed Niels Klementsen der stod for opkøbet.
I løbet af 16. og 17. århundrede blev gårdene i den senere landsby Kuserup lagt ind under det nærliggende gods Kattrup af de pågældende ejere. En gang i 1600-tallet skiftede den daværende ejer af Kattrup navnet ud med "Kuserup", men det blev ikke hængende længe.
Disse jorder, hvorpå landsbyen og Kuserupgård tidligere lå, udgør også i dag Kattrup Gods.

[redigér] Eksterne henvisninger

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Krigen til søs under Operation Overlord omfattede kamphandlinger mellem tyske og allierede flådeenheder i perioden fra begyndelsen af juni til midten af august 1944 i Den engelske kanal.
De vestallierede havde længe planlagt en storstilet operation under kodenavnet Operation Overlord, som skulle skaffe dem et sikkert fodfæste i det nordvestlige Frankrig og skabe en Anden front i kampen mod Nazityskland. Deloperationer indenfor rammerne af Overlord fik egne kodenavne. Invasionen på D-dag fik navnet Operation Neptune - dvs. transporten til Normandiet, selve landgangen og sikring af brohovederne på strandene. Læs mere
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[edit] References

^ Pascal Bussy - author of the book, Kraftwerk: Man, Machine and Music - Bartos relates that prior to this, Hütter & Schneider were disturbed by him playing off-beats in rhythms.
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v • d • eKraftwerk
Ralf Hütter · Fritz Hilpert · Henning Schmitz · Stefan PfaffeFlorian Schneider · Karl Bartos · Wolfgang Flür · Klaus Röder · Michael Rother · Klaus Dinger · Andreas HohmannFernando Abrantes · Emil Schult · Plato Kostic · Peter Schmidt · Houschäng Néjadepour · Charly Weiss · Thomas Lohmann · Eberhard Kranemann
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Kraftwerk · Kraftwerk 2 · Ralf und Florian · Autobahn · Radio-Activity · Trans-Europe Express · The Man-Machine · Computer World · Electric Café · The Mix · Tour de France Soundtracks
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Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_World"
Categories: Kraftwerk albums 1981 albums Concept albums Electronic albums
Hidden categories: Articles needing additional references from March 2008 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2008

Other utilization

The song "Computer World" was used as the theme music of the series The Computer Programme, a TV show originally broadcast on British network BBC2 in 1982. The series aimed to introduce people to computers and showcase their potential. "Computer World 2" was used at the end of the show on the credits.
Afro-Rican, a popular Miami Bass and Hip-Hop group, sampled Kraftwerk's "It's more fun to compute" on its hit "Give it All You Got (Doggy Style)," which would later be sampled on Fergie's hit "Fergalicious."
Coldplay got the permission to use the synthesizer melody of "Computer Love" in its song "Talk," which was featured on the album X&Y.[citation needed]
Pizzicato Five utilized the bass line from "Pocket Calculator" for the song "Contact" from Romantique 96.
German musician Uwe Schmidt, under his pseudonym Señor Coconut, recorded a merengue arrangement of the song "Home Computer" on El Baile Alemán, his album of Latin-style Kraftwerk cover versions.
Nicole Scherzinger, lead singer of the Pussycat Dolls, launched her solo career with "Steam," a track that heavily sampled "Numbers."
An image of the Computer World album cover was used on a t-shirt given to students in the Fall 1998 EE302 class taught at the University of Texas at Austin. This T-shirt has since made appearances on the Warner Bros. television show Beauty and the Geek.
Kaiser Broadcasting, the stations of which included WKBS in Philadelphia and WFLD in Chicago, used the tracks "Numbers" and "Home Computer" as musical backgrounds for its kids cartoon bumpers in the early-mid 1980's.
The Miami bass hip-hop group the Puppies sampled "It's more fun to Compute" and "Numbers" in its song "Funky Y-2-C."
The Native American house-music group Alternations sampled "Home Computer" in its song "Feel it for You."
Techmaster P.E.B. used samples of "Computer Love" and a did a complete remake of "Numbers," called "Bass by Numbers," on its debut album, Bass Computer

Equipment

Sequential Circuits Prophet 5 - used only on the accompanying tour
Moog Polymoog
Moog Minimoog
Korg PS-3300
Roland MC8 Microcomposer sequencer - used only on the accompanying tour
Friendchip "Mr Lab" sequencer unit
Custom-built 32x2-step analogue sequencers by Matten & Wiechers
Dubreq Stylophone
Mattel Bee Gees Rhythm Machine
Texas Instruments "Speak & Spell" language toy: Home Computer begins with a sound sample of the off/on jingles of the Speak & Spell electronic spelling game. The Speak & Spell was an early example of a computer in an everyday household object – in this case an interactive toy – rather than shown as a stereotypical piece of space-age gadgetry.
Texas Instruments Talking Translator (with English, French and Spanish language modules)
Casio FX-501P Programmable Calculator with FA-1 Cassette Interface
EMS and Sennheiser vocoders

Tuesday, July 7, 2009

Defining characteristics of some early digital computers of the 1940s

Defining characteristics of some early digital computers of the 1940s (In the history of computing hardware)
Name
First operational
Numeral system
Computing mechanism
Programming
Turing complete
Zuse Z3 (Germany)
May 1941
Binary
Electro-mechanical
Program-controlled by punched film stock (but no conditional branch)
Yes (1998)
Atanasoff–Berry Computer (US)
1942
Binary
Electronic
Not programmable—single purpose
No
Colossus Mark 1 (UK)
February 1944
Binary
Electronic
Program-controlled by patch cables and switches
No
Harvard Mark I – IBM ASCC (US)
May 1944
Decimal
Electro-mechanical
Program-controlled by 24-channel punched paper tape (but no conditional branch)
No
Colossus Mark 2 (UK)
June 1944
Binary
Electronic
Program-controlled by patch cables and switches
No
ENIAC (US)
July 1946
Decimal
Electronic
Program-controlled by patch cables and switches
Yes
Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine (UK)
June 1948
Binary
Electronic
Stored-program in Williams cathode ray tube memory
Yes
Modified ENIAC (US)
September 1948
Decimal
Electronic
Program-controlled by patch cables and switches plus a primitive read-only stored programming mechanism using the Function Tables as program ROM
Yes
EDSAC (UK)
May 1949
Binary
Electronic
Stored-program in mercury delay line memory
Yes
Manchester Mark 1 (UK)
October 1949
Binary
Electronic
Stored-program in Williams cathode ray tube memory and magnetic drum memory
Yes
CSIRAC (Australia)
November 1949
Binary
Electronic
Stored-program in mercury delay line memory
Yes

History of computing

The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613, referring to a person who carried out calculations, or computations, and the word continued to be used in that sense until the middle of the 20th century. From the end of the 19th century onwards though, the word began to take on its more familiar meaning, describing a machine that carries out computations.[3]
The history of the modern computer begins with two separate technologies—automated calculation and programmability—but no single device can be identified as the earliest computer, partly because of the inconsistent application of that term. Examples of early mechanical calculating devices include the abacus, the slide rule and arguably the astrolabe and the Antikythera mechanism (which dates from about 150–100 BC). Hero of Alexandria (c. 10–70 AD) built a mechanical theater which performed a play lasting 10 minutes and was operated by a complex system of ropes and drums that might be considered to be a means of deciding which parts of the mechanism performed which actions and when.[4] This is the essence of programmability.
The "castle clock", an astronomical clock invented by Al-Jazari in 1206, is considered to be the earliest programmable analog computer.[5] It displayed the zodiac, the solar and lunar orbits, a crescent moon-shaped pointer travelling across a gateway causing automatic doors to open every hour,[6][7] and five robotic musicians who played music when struck by levers operated by a camshaft attached to a water wheel. The length of day and night could be re-programmed to compensate for the changing lengths of day and night throughout the year.[5]
The Renaissance saw a re-invigoration of European mathematics and engineering. Wilhelm Schickard's 1623 device was the first of a number of mechanical calculators constructed by European engineers, but none fit the modern definition of a computer, because they could not be programmed.
In 1801, Joseph Marie Jacquard made an improvement to the textile loom by introducing a series of punched paper cards as a template which allowed his loom to weave intricate patterns automatically. The resulting Jacquard loom was an important step in the development of computers because the use of punched cards to define woven patterns can be viewed as an early, albeit limited, form of programmability.
It was the fusion of automatic calculation with programmability that produced the first recognizable computers. In 1837, Charles Babbage was the first to conceptualize and design a fully programmable mechanical computer, his analytical engine.[8] Limited finances and Babbage's inability to resist tinkering with the design meant that the device was never completed.
In the late 1880s Herman Hollerith invented the recording of data on a machine readable medium. Prior uses of machine readable media, above, had been for control, not data. "After some initial trials with paper tape, he settled on punched cards ..."[9] To process these punched cards he invented the tabulator, and the key punch machines. These three inventions were the foundation of the modern information processing industry. Large-scale automated data processing of punched cards was performed for the 1890 United States Census by Hollerith's company, which later became the core of IBM. By the end of the 19th century a number of technologies that would later prove useful in the realization of practical computers had begun to appear: the punched card, Boolean algebra, the vacuum tube (thermionic valve) and the teleprinter.
During the first half of the 20th century, many scientific computing needs were met by increasingly sophisticated analog computers, which used a direct mechanical or electrical model of the problem as a basis for computation. However, these were not programmable and generally lacked the versatility and accuracy of modern digital computers.
Alan Turing is widely regarded to be the father of modern computer science. In 1936 Turing provided an influential formalisation of the concept of the algorithm and computation with the Turing machine. Of his role in the modern computer, Time Magazine in naming Turing one of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century, states: "The fact remains that everyone who taps at a keyboard, opening a spreadsheet or a word-processing program, is working on an incarnation of a Turing machine." [10]
George Stibitz is internationally recognized as a father of the modern digital computer. While working at Bell Labs in November of 1937, Stibitz invented and built a relay-based calculator he dubbed the "Model K" (for "kitchen table", on which he had assembled it), which was the first to use binary circuits to perform an arithmetic operation. Later models added greater sophistication including complex arithmetic and programmability.[11]

Computers

A computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a set of instructions.
Although mechanical examples of computers have existed through much of recorded human history, the first electronic computers were developed in the mid-20th century (1940–1945). These were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers (PCs).[1] Modern computers based on integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more capable than the early machines, and occupy a fraction of the space.[2] Simple computers are small enough to fit into a wristwatch, and can be powered by a watch battery. Personal computers in their various forms are icons of the Information Age and are what most people think of as "computers". The embedded computers found in many devices from MP3 players to fighter aircraft and from toys to industrial robots are however the most numerous.
The ability to store and execute lists of instructions called programs makes computers extremely versatile, distinguishing them from calculators. The Church–Turing thesis is a mathematical statement of this versatility: any computer with a certain minimum capability is, in principle, capable of performing the same tasks that any other computer can perform. Therefore computers ranging from a mobile phone to a supercomputer are all able to perform the same computational tasks, given enough time and storage capacity.

Computer World